China's claim to guarantee the "Right to subsistence" conceals a secret world of starvation, disease, and unnatural death--a world into which thousands of Chinese citizens disappear each year. The victims are not the political and religious dissidents who dominate the international debate over human rights in the People's Republic, they are orphans and abandoned children in custodial institutions run by China's Ministry of Civil Affairs. This report document the pattern of cruelty, abuse, and malign neglect which has dominated child welfare work in China since the early 1950s, and which now constitutes one of the country's gravest human rights problems. And recommendations -- Social welfare in modern China -- China's orphans: The official record -- Unnatural deaths at the Shanghai orphanage -- Abuse and ill-treatment at the Shanghai orphanage: 1988-1993 -- The cover-up in Shanghai -- Developments in Shanghai, 1993-1995.