PDFR40 | There is strong evidence that climate-, habitat- and human-related variables are key drivers of African ape distribution, and their combined effects will determine their distribution in coming decades | They assumed that 1) all relevant ecological drivers of African ape distributions are included in the models, 2) the current distribution’s delimiting factors will also form the niche of the taxon in the future, 3) detectability does not change across transects, 4) each taxon is at (pseudo-) equilibrium distribution with their environment, and 5) models account for sampling bias |

Modeling techniques: GLM, GAM, Maxent, ANN, random forest (RF)

Model complexity: Default settings in package ‘biomod2’ were considered.

Model averaging/ensemble: The five modeling techniques were combined in ensemble forecasting to account for uncertainties of extrapolation of species-environment relationships outside the environments sampled by the species data

Software: R version 4.0.2 (R Development Core Team, 2020), ArcMap version 10.7.1 (ESRI, 2011)

Data availability: The raw data is available upon request via the IUCN A.P.E.S. database (http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/) | Data sources: http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/

Authors: Joana S. Carvalho, Bruce Graham, Gaёlle Bocksberger, Fiona Maisels, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Serge Wich, Tenekwetche Sop, Bala Amarasekaran, Benjamin Barca, Abdulai Barrie, Richard A. Bergl, Christophe Boesch, Hedwige Boesch, Terry M. Brncic, Bartelijntje Buys, Rebecca Chancellor, Emmanuel Danquah, Osiris A. Doumbé, Stephane Y. Le-Duc, Anh Galat-Luong, Jessica Ganas, Sylvain Gatti, Andrea Ghiurghi, Annemarie Goedmakers, Nicolas Granier, Dismas Hakizimana, Barbara Haurez, Josephine Head, Ilka Herbinger, Annika Hillers, Sorrel Jones, Jessica Junker, Nakedi Maputla, Eno-Nku Manasseh, Maureen S. McCarthy, Mary Molokwu-Odozi, Bethan J. Morgan, Yoshihiro Nakashima, Paul K. N’Goran, Stuart Nixon, Louis Nkembi, Emmanuelle Normand, Laurent D.Z. Nzooh, Sarah H. Olson, Leon Payne, Charles-Albert Petre, Alex K. Piel, Lilian Pintea, Andrew J. Plumptre, Aaron Rundus, Adeline Serckx, Fiona A. Stewart, Jacqueline Sunderland-Groves, Nikki Tagg, Angelique Todd, Ashley Vosper, José F.C. Wenceslau, Erin G. Wessling, Jacob Willie, & Hjalmar S. Kühl | (http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/)

SA - African Great Apes
RT - Ecological Migration
BT - Climate Change
NT - African Great Ape Distribution
UF - Prediction/Forecasting
SN - Data: GLM, GAM, Maxent, ANN, random forest (RF); Default settings in package ‘biomod2’ were considered, The five modeling techniques were combined in an ensemble forecasting to account for uncertainties of extrapolation of species-environment relationships outside the environments sampled by the species data. (This entry does not reference a hierarchical list)