Who were Paul s opponents? Were they a single group, or were they different groups found at various places that he wrote to and visited? Since the time of F.C. Baur and right up to the present, scholars have been intrigued by the figures who sometimes lurk in the shadows of Paul s writings or who sometimes emerge in full force to confront him. This does not mean that finding scholarly consensus on the nature of Paul and his opponents has been easy or has been resolved. This volume includes essays that ask pertinent questions regarding Paul and his opponents and address some of the major current theories.