In the period from 1890 to 1940, landscape architects organized as a profession distinct from art and architecture, bringing to the fore a variety of theories and aspirations--to influence urban growth, reinforce national identity, and shape land conservation and land-use planning, among other goals--in response to challenges posed by rapid change. The twelve essays included in this exceptional volume grapple with the definition and significance of modernism in landscape design during this transformative era.   An international roster of leading landscape historians discuss established and less recognized designers, such as Maria Teresa Parpagliolo, who sought to define the modern Italian garden, or Benito Javier Carrasco, who made recreational green space a public amenity in Buenos Aires. Examining gardens and landscapes of all scales and purposes, from private villa gardens to civic spaces, these essays contribute original insight and rigorous research to the growing field of landscape studies.