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Wrath of God: The Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 (2008)

por Edward Paice

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Just after half past nine on the morning of Sunday 1 November 1755, the end of the world came to the city of Lisbon. On a day that had begun with blue skies and gentle warmth, Portugal's proud capital was struck by a massive earthquake. After a brief, two-minute tremor came six minutes of horror as Lisbon swayed 'like corn in the wind before the avalanches of descending masonry hid the ruins under a cloud of dust'. A third tremor shook most of the buildings still standing to the ground, causing catastrophic loss of life. Lisbon had been struck by a seismic disturbance estimated at 8.7 on the Richter scale - more powerful than the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. An hour later, riverine Lisbon and the Algarve coast were engulfed by a series of tsunamis. In areas of the city unaffected by the waves, fires raged for six days, completing the destruction of Europe's fourth-largest city. By the time it was all over, 60,000 souls had perished and 85% of Lisbon's buildings, plus an unimaginable wealth of cultural treasures, had been destroyed by quake, fire or water. The earthquake had a searing impact on the European psyche. Theologians and philosophers were baffled by this awesome manifestation of the anger of God. How could the presence of such suffering in the world be reconciled with the existence of a beneficent deity? For Portugal itself, despite an ambitious programme of reconstruction (which gave birth to the modern science of seismology), the quake ushered in a period of decline, in which her seaborne supremacy was eclipsed by the inexorable rise of the British Empire. Drawing on primary sources, Edward Paice paints a vivid picture of a city and society changed for ever by a day of terror. He describes in thrilling detail the quake itself and its immediate aftermath, but he is interested just as much in its political, economic and cultural consequences. Wrath of God is a gripping account from a master writer of a natural disaster that had a transformative impact on European society.… (más)
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In spite of a somewhat narrow focus, giving too much attention to the misadventures of the British, this book offers a breathtaking account of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the deadliest tragedy of this kind to take place in a west european city. ( )
  Marcelocoelho | Jul 19, 2010 |
Novo ano, novo livro. Desta vez li o livro do autor Edward Paice, “Ira de Deus”. O livro retrata a maior catástrofe natural vivida em Portugal até hoje, o Grande Terramoto de Lisboa de 1755.
Foi para mim uma leitura difícil. Estou habituado a ler essencialmente romances históricos, e este livro pode-se dizer que é essencialmente um livro descritivo, mais do género documentário. Redigido por um escritor britânico, revela muitos pormenores sobre o relacionamento entre Portugal e Inglaterra, descrevendo fastidiosamente inúmeros dados dos gastos da altura, das importações e exportações entre Portugal e Inglaterra, se calhar demasiados no meu ponto de vista, o que tornou o livro um pouco aborrecido de ler.
Por triste coincidência, no período da minha leitura, aconteceu a tragédia no Haiti. O paralelismo entre os dois acontecimentos foi inevitável. De certa forma deu-me algum alento para continuar a ler o livro, até porque muito do que se passou foi comum nas duas tragédias. Apesar de se intervalarem por mais de 250 anos, o ser humano continua a ter os mesmos comportamentos, o desespero, os saques, o aproveitamento da situação, … Ao ver as imagens televisivas sobre o terramoto do Haiti, punha-me a imaginar no que se terá passado há 255 anos em Lisboa. De referir, que após o terramoto de Lisboa, houve um maremoto que matou mais umas centenas largas de pessoas e por fim ainda deflagrou um incêndio na cidade que durou uma semana, que acabou por destruir o que ainda tinha resistido às duas catástrofes anteriores. Pode-se dizer que foi um “três-em-um”.
O livro está dividido em três partes: no antes, com o subtítulo “Um império dourado”; no durante, “Um eixo de elementos”; e no após, “Repercussões”. É interessante saber que mesmo antes do terramoto, o país já se encontrava dum declínio evidente, devido a uma má regência por parte dos nossos gananciosos monarcas da altura, que gastavam desmesuradamente todas as riquezas provindas do Brasil, em interesses pessoais, não investindo essas mesmas riquezas no país, tornando-o dependente principalmente de Inglaterra, fazendo com que Portugal fosse considerado uma colónia inglesa. Aliás já nessa altura, e para vermos que já éramos considerados um povo muito limitado, na Europa dizia-se “à boca cheia” que um português era um espanhol mas sem as boas qualidades.
Resumindo e concluindo, para quem gosta de aprofundar um pouco mais os seus conhecimentos históricos desta altura, se conhecem bem a cidade de Lisboa e se têm referências de como era Lisboa antes do terramoto, então aconselho vivamente o livro, caso contrário torna-se um livro bastante maçador, demasiado detalhado para quem quer ter uma leitura mais ligeira. ( )
  fermicosta | Feb 18, 2010 |
It's early morning, and you are heading to church. Once there, a massive earthquake strikes. You rush outside to see buildings start to collapse due to a second tremor just minutes later. Within an hour, parts of the city are ablaze, which does nothing to quell the panic. You rush to the river, hoping to flee the city in a boat. But several huge waves come rushing down the riverbed. It sounds like a plot for a summer blockbuster, but this "perfect storm" really did strike Lisbon in 1755. Two recent books cover the history of the event: Wrath of God by Edward Paice, and The Last Day by Nicholas Shrady.

The Last Day starts out in media res, putting the reader in the churches of the somewhat devout Portuguese city minutes before the earthquake. Shrady then gives some of the history of Portugal, especially concentrating on the Catholic influence and the Brazilian importation of gold and slaves. The book bounces back and forth through history as Shrady takes a topic and gives its history, which made it feel like some parts were repetitive. Shrady's main focus through the last half of the book is the Marques de Pombal (Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Melo), a man who positioned himself well in the rebuilding of Lisbon (and, in essence, the entire country).

Wrath of God follows a more chronological structure, giving the history of Lisbon for the first seventy pages (one irritating point: the author uses many Portuguese words without always giving definitions). When the earthquake finally happens, Paice has established a number of characters which he follows throughout the middle third of the book. While this sometimes seems to jumble their stories, it really shows the confusion and terror that must have occurred during this disaster. The end of the book does discuss the rebuilding process, plus it gives a longer philosophical discussion starring Voltaire, who wrote two commentaries on the earthquake.

With his important part in the rebuilding of Lisbon, the Marques de Pombal plays a large role in both books. He's generally portrayed with all his faults: he's certainly a man of action who seems to have wanted to revitalize his country, but he's not above petty politics, likely fabricating plots to have his detractors exiled or killed. The Last Day offered a slightly more positive story, noting other areas of Pombal's interest (his ideas for educational reform, for example).

Because both books work from the same primary sources, there's a lot of repetition between the books. Even so, they both tell slightly different stories. The Last Day was a quicker read, which told the story of the disaster and its aftermath. Wrath of God was a bit more academic, noting the struggle of the Church and philosophers to explain why such a religious country would be punished by God in this way. While both titles offer extensive footnotes and bibliographies, I'd recommend The Last Day if you're just interested in the history of the great earthquake, but read Wrath of God if you're doing research in history or earth science. ( )
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In November 2005 the 250th anniversary of the Lisbon earthquake was marked by numerous academic conferences and a plethora of scholarly articles penned by seismologists, philosophers and historians.
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Just after half past nine on the morning of Sunday 1 November 1755, the end of the world came to the city of Lisbon. On a day that had begun with blue skies and gentle warmth, Portugal's proud capital was struck by a massive earthquake. After a brief, two-minute tremor came six minutes of horror as Lisbon swayed 'like corn in the wind before the avalanches of descending masonry hid the ruins under a cloud of dust'. A third tremor shook most of the buildings still standing to the ground, causing catastrophic loss of life. Lisbon had been struck by a seismic disturbance estimated at 8.7 on the Richter scale - more powerful than the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. An hour later, riverine Lisbon and the Algarve coast were engulfed by a series of tsunamis. In areas of the city unaffected by the waves, fires raged for six days, completing the destruction of Europe's fourth-largest city. By the time it was all over, 60,000 souls had perished and 85% of Lisbon's buildings, plus an unimaginable wealth of cultural treasures, had been destroyed by quake, fire or water. The earthquake had a searing impact on the European psyche. Theologians and philosophers were baffled by this awesome manifestation of the anger of God. How could the presence of such suffering in the world be reconciled with the existence of a beneficent deity? For Portugal itself, despite an ambitious programme of reconstruction (which gave birth to the modern science of seismology), the quake ushered in a period of decline, in which her seaborne supremacy was eclipsed by the inexorable rise of the British Empire. Drawing on primary sources, Edward Paice paints a vivid picture of a city and society changed for ever by a day of terror. He describes in thrilling detail the quake itself and its immediate aftermath, but he is interested just as much in its political, economic and cultural consequences. Wrath of God is a gripping account from a master writer of a natural disaster that had a transformative impact on European society.

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