Charles Kittel (1916–2019)

Indeholder "About the Author", "Preface", "Contents", "Guide to Tables", "Some General References", "Chapter 1: Crystal Structure", " Periodic Array of Atoms", " Lattice Translation Vectors and Lattices", " Symmetry Operations", " The Basis and the Crystal Structure", " Primitive Lattice Cell", " Fundamental Types of Lattices", " Two-Dimensional Lattice Types", " Three-Dimensional Lattice Types", " Index System for Crystal Planes", " Simple Crystal Structures", " Sodium Chloride Structure", " Cesium Chloride Structure", " Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure", " Diamond Structure", " Cubic Zinc Sulfide Structure", " Hexagonal Zinc Sulfide (Wurtzite) Structure", " Occurrence of Nonideal Crystal Structures", " Random Stacking and Polytypism", " Glasses", " Collections of Crystal Structure Data", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Tetrahedral Angles", " 2. Indices of Planes", " 3. Hcp Structure", " References", "Chapter 2: Crystal Diffraction and The Reciprocal Lattice", " Crystal Diffraction and The Reciprocal Lattice", " The Incident Beam", " X-Rays", " Neutrons", " Electrons", " Bragg Law", " Experimental Diffraction Methods", " Laue Method", " Rotating-Crystal Method", " Powder Method", " Derivation of Scattered Wave Amplitude", " Fourier Analysis", " Reciprocal Lattice Vectors", " Diffraction Conditions", " Brillouin Zones", " Reciprocal Lattice to sc Lattice", " Reciprocal Lattice to bcc Lattice", " Reciprocal Lattice to fcc Lattice", " Atomic Form Factor", " Temperature Dependence of the Reflection Lines", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Inversion of Fourier Series", " 2. Interplanar Separation", " 3. Diffraction from a Linear Array and a Square Array", " 4. Hexagonal Space Lattice", " 5. Volume of Brillouin Zone", " 6. Width of Diffraction Maximum", " 7. Neutron Cutoff Filter", " 8. Structure Factor of Diamond", " 9. Form Factor of Atomic Hydrogen", " 10. Diatomic Line", " References", "Chapter 3: Crystal Binding", " Crystals of Inert Gases", " Van der Waals-London Interaction", " Repulsive Interaction", " Equilibrium Lattice Constants", " Cohesive Energy", " Compressibility and Bulk Modulus", " Ionic Crystals", " Electrostatic of Madelung Energy", " Evaluation of the Madelung Constant", " Covalent Crystals", " Metal Crystals", " Hydrogen-Bonded Crystals", " Atomic Radii", " Tetrahedral Covalent Radii", " Ionic Crystal Radii", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Quantum Solid", " 2. Cohesive Energy of bcc and fcc Neon", " 3. Solid Molecular Hydrogen", " 4. Possibility of Ionic Crystals R+R-", " 5. Linear Ionic Crystal", " 6. Cubic ZnS Structure", " 7. Bulk Modulus of LiF", " 8. Divalent Ionic Crystals", " 9. High Pressure Experiments", " References", " Notation", "Chapter 4: Phonons I. Lattice Vibrations", " Vibrations of Monatomic Lattices", " First Brillouin Zone", " Group Velocity", " Long Wavelength or Continuum Limit", " Derivation of Force Constants from Experiment", " Lattice With Two Atoms per Primitive Cell", " Quantization of Lattice Vibrations", " Phonon Momentum", " Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons by Phonons", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Vibrations of Square Lattice", " 2. Monatomic Linear Lattice", " 3. Continuum Wave Equation", " 4. Basis of Two Unlike Atoms", " 5. Kohn Anomaly", " 6. Diatomic Chain", " 7. Atomic Vibrations in a Metal", " 8. Soft Phonon Modes", " References", "Chapter 5: Phonons II. Thermal Properties", " Lattice Heat Capacity", " Planck Distribution", " Einstein Model", " Enumeration of Normal Models", " Density of Modes in One Dimension", " Density of Modes in Three Dimensions", " Example: General Result for D(omega)", " Debye Model of the Lattice Heat Capacity", " Debye T^3 Law", " Heat Capacity of Glasses and Amorphous Solids", " Anharmonic Crystal Interactions", " Thermal Expansion", " Thermal Conductivity", " Lattice Thermal Resistivity", " Umklapp Processes", " Imperfections", " Problems", " 1. Singularity in Density of Modes", " 2. Rms Thermal Dilation of Crystal Cell", " 3. Zero Point Lattice Displacement and Strain", " 4. Heat Capacity of One-Dimensional Lattice and Layer Lattice", " 5. Grüneisen Constant", " 6. Density of Modes of Square Lattice", " References", "Chapter 6: Free Electron Fermi Gas", " Energy Levels and Density of Orbitals in One Dimension", " Effect of Temperature on the Fermi-Dirac Distribution", " Free Electron Gas in Three Dimensions", " Heat Capacity of the Electron Gas", " Experimental Heat Capacity of Metals", " Electrical Conductivity and Ohm's Law", " Experimental Electrical Resistivity of Metals", " Motion in Magnetic Fields", " Hall Effect", " Thermal Conductivity of Metals", " Ratio of Thermal to Electrical Conductivity", " Problems", " 1. Kinetic Energy of Electron Gas", " 2. Pressure and Bulk Modulus of an Electron Gas", " 3. Chemical Potential in Two Dimensions", " 4. Fermi Gases in Astrophysics", " 5. Liquid He^3", " 6. Frequency Dependence of the Electrical Conductivity", " 7. Dynamic Magnetoconductivity Tensor for Free Electrons", " 8. Cohesive Energy of Free Electron Fermi Gas", " 9. Static Magnetoconductivity Tensor", " References", "Chapter 7: Energy Bands", " Nearly Free Electron Model", " Origin of the Energy Gap", " Magnitude of the Energy Gap", " Bloch Functions", " Kronig-Penney Model", " Wave Equation of Electron in a Periodic Potential", " Restatement of the Bloch Theorem", " Crystal Momentum of an Electron", " Solution of the Central Equation", " Empty Lattice Approximation", " Approximate Solution Near a Zone Boundary", " Number of Orbitals in a Band", " Metals and Insulators", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Square Lattice, Free Electron Energies", " 2. Free Electron Energies in Reduced Zone", " 3. Kronig-Penney Model", " 4. Potential Energy in the Diamond Structure", " 5. Complex Wavevectors in the Energy Gap", " 6. Square Lattice", " References", "Chapter 8: Semiconductor Crystals", " Band Gap", " Equations of Motion", " Fuller Derivation of nk = F", " Holes", " Effective Mass", " Physical Basis of the Effective Mass", " Effective Masses in Semiconductors", " Silicon and Germanium", " Intrinsic Carrier Concentration", " Mobility in the Intrinsic Region", " Impurity Conductivity", " Thermal Ionization of Donors and Acceptors", " Mobility in the Presence of Impurities", " Thermoelectric Effects in Semiconductors", " Semimetals", " Amorphous Semiconductors", " p-n Junctions", " Rectification", " Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Detectors", " Schottky Barrier", " Gunn Effect Oscillators", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Impurity Orbits", " 2. Ionization of Donors", " 3. Hall Effect with Two Carrier Types", " 4. Cyclotron Resonance", " 5. Donor Ionization", " 6. Magnetoresistance with Two Carrier Types", "Chapter 9: Fermi Surfaces and Metals", " Construction of Fermi Surfaces", " Electron Orbits, Hole Orbits, and Open Orbits", " Calculation of Energy Bands", " Tight-Binding Method for Energy Bands", " Wigner-Seitz Method", " Cohesive Energy", " Pseudopotentials", " Experimental Methods in Fermi Surface Studies", " Quantization of Orbits in a Magnetic Field", " De Haas-van Alphen Effect", " Extremal Orbits", " Fermi Surface of Copper", " Example: Fermi Surface of Gold", " Magnetic Breakdown", " Electrical Resistivity", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Brillouin Zones of Rectangular Lattice", " 2. Brillouin Zone. Rectangular Lattice", " 3. Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure", " 4. Brillouin Zones of Two-Dimensional Divalent Metal", " 5. Open Orbits", " 6. Cohesive Energy for a Square Well Potential", " 7. De Haas-van Alphen Period of Potassium", " 8. Band Edge Structure on k . p Pertubation Theory", " 9. Wannier Functions", " 10. Open Orbits and Magnetoresistance", " References", "Chapter 10: Plasmons, Polaritons, and Polarons", " Dielectric Function of the Electron Gas", " Plasma Optics", " Dispersion Relation for Electromagnetic Waves", " Transverse Optical Modes in a Plasma", " Longitudinal Plasma Oscillations", " Plasmons", " Electrostatic Screening", " Mott Metal-Insulator Transition", " Screening and Phonons in Metals", " Polaritons and the LST Relation", " Electron-Electron Interaction", " Electron-Phonon Interaction: Polarons", " Peierls Instability of Linear Metals", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Surface Plasmons", " 2. Interface Plasmons", " 3. Alfvén Waves", " 4. Helicon Waves", " 5. Plasmon Mode of a Sphere", " 6. Magnetoplasma Frequency", " 7. Photon Branch of Low Wavevector", " 8. Plasma Frequency and Electrical Conductivity", " 9. Bulk Modulus of the Fermi Gas", " 10. Response of Electron Gas", " 11. Gap Plasmons and the van der Waals Interaction", " References", "Chapter 11: Optical Processes and Excitons", " Optical Reflectance", " Kramers-Kronig Relations", " Mathematical Note", " Example: Conductivity of Collisionless Electron Gas", " Electronic Interband Transitions", " Excitons", " Frenkel Excitons", " Alkali Halides", " Molecular Crystals", " Weakly Bound Excitons", " Exciton Condensation into Electron-Hole Drops (EHD)", " Raman Effect in Crystals", " Electron Spectroscopy with X-Rays", " Energy Loss of Fast Particles in a Solid", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Causality and the Response Function", " 2. Dissipation Sum Rule", " 3. Reflection at Normal Incidence", " 4. Conductivity Sum Rule and Superconductivity", " 5. Dielectric Constant and the Semiconductor Energy Gap", " 6. Hagen-Rubens Relation for Infrared Reflectivity of Metals", " 7. Davydov Splitting of Exciton Lines", " References", "Chapter 12: Superconductivity", " Experimental Survey", " Occurrence of Superconductivity", " Destruction of Superconductivity by Magnetic Fields", " Meissner Effect", " Heat Capacity", " Energy Gap", " Microwave and Infrared Properties", " Isotope Effect", " Theoretical Survey", " Thermodynamics of the Superconducting Transition", " London Equation", " Coherence Length", " BCS Theory of Superconductivity", " Problems", " 1. Magnetic Field Penetration in a Plate", " 2. Critical Field of Thin Films", " 3. Two-Fluid Model of a Superconductor", " 4. Structure of a Vortex", " 5. London Penetration Depth", " 6. Diffraction Effect of Josephson Junction", " 7. Meissner Effect in Sphere", " References", "Chapter 13: Dielectrics and Ferroelectrics", " Macroscopic Electric Field", " Depolarization Field, E1", " Local Electric Field at an Atom", " Lorentz Field, E2", " Field of Dipoles Inside Cavity E3", " Dielectric Constant and Polarizability", " Electronic Polarizability", " Ferroelectric Crystals", " Classification of Ferroelectric Crystals", " Polarization Catastrophe", " Landau Theory of the Phase Transition", " Second-Order Transition", " First-Order Transition", " Soft Optical Phonons", " Antiferroelectricity", " Ferroelectric Domains", " Piezoelectricity", " Ferroelectricity", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Atomic Hydrogen", " 2. Conducting Sphere", " 3. Effect of Air Gap", " 4. Interfacial Polarization", " 5. Polarization of Sphere", " 6. Ferroelectric Criterion", " 7. Saturation Polarization", " 8. Dielectric Constant Below Transition", " 9. Soft Modes", " 10. Ferroelectric Linear Array", " Notation", "Chapter 14: Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism", " Langevin Diamagnetism Equation", " Quantum Theory of Diamagnetism of Mononuclear Systems", " Rare Earth Ions", " Hund Rules", " Iron Group Ions", " Crystal Field Splitting", " Quanching of the Orbital Angular Momentum", " Cooling by Adiabatic Demagnetization of a Paramagnetic Salt", " Nuclear Demagnetization", " Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Conduction Electrons", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Atomic Hydrogen", " 2. Hund Rules", " 3. Triplet Excited States", " 4. Heat Capacity from Internal Degrees of Freedom", " 5. Pauli Spin Susceptibility", " 6. Conduction Electron Ferromagnetism", " 7. Two-Level System", " 8. Paramagnetism of S-1 System", " 9. Cooling by Adiabatic Magnetization", " References", " Notation", "Chapter 15: Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism", " Ferromagnetic Order", " Curie Point and the Exchange Integral", " Temperature Dependence of the Saturation Magnetization", " Saturation Magnetization at Absolute Zero", " Magnons", " Thermal Excitation of Magnons", " Neutron Magnetic Scattering", " Ferrimagnetic Order", " Curie Temperature and Susceptibility of Ferrimagnets", " Antiferromagnetic Order", " Susceptibility Below the Néel Temperature", " Antiferromagnetic Magnons", " Ferromagnetic Domains", " Anisotropy Energy", " Transition Region Between Domains", " Origin of Domains", " Coercive Force and Hysteresis", " Magnetic Bubble Domains", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Magnon Dispersion Relation", " 2. Heat Capacity of Magnons", " 3. Néel Temperature", " 4. Magnetoelastic Coupling", " 5. Coercive Force of a Small Particle", " 6. Saturation Magnetization Near the Curie Temperature", " References", " Notation", "Chapter 16: Magnetic Resonance", " Nuclear Magnetic Resonance", " Equations of Motion", " Line Width", " Motional Narrowing", " Hyperfine Splitting", " Examples: Paramagnetic Point Defects", " Knight Shift", " Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance", " Ferromagnetic Resonance", " Shape Effects in FMR", " Spin Wave Resonance", " Antiferromagnetic Resonance", " Electron Paramagnetic Resonance", " Exchange Narrowing", " Zero-Field Splitting", " Principle of Maser Action", " Three-Level Maser", " Ruby Laser", " Semiconductor Junction Lasers", " Summary", " Problems", " 1. Equivalent Electrical Circuit", " 2. Rotating Coordinate System", " 3. Hyperfine Effects on ESR in Metals", " 4. FMR in the Anisotropy Field", " 5. Exchange Frequency Resonance", " 6. Rf Saturation", " Notation", "Chapter 17: Point Defects and Alloys", " Lattice Vacancies", " Diffusion", " Metals", " Color Centers", " F Centers", " Other Centers in Alkali Halides", " Alloys", " Magnetic Alloys and the Kondo Effect", " Order-Disorder Transformation", " Elementary Theory of Order", " Problems", " 1. Frenkel Defects", " 2. Schottky Vacancies", " 3. F Center", " 4. Superlattice Lines in Cu3Au", " 5. Configurational Heat Capacity", " References", "Chapter 18: Dislocations", " Shear Strength of Single Crystals", " Slip", " Dislocations", " Burgers Vectors", " Stress Fields of Dislocations", " Low-angle Grain Boundaries", " Dislocation Densities", " Dislocation Multiplication and Slip", " Strength of Alloys", " Dislocations and Crystal Growth", " Whiskers", " Problems", " 1. Lines of Closest Packing", " 2. Dislocation Pairs", " 3. Force on Dislocation", " References", "Author Index", "Subject Index".

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